Topological defects such as magnetic monopoles that may have formed during cosmological phase transitions in the early universe. The Kibble mechanisms govern the formation of this defects and their abundance is influenced by the correlation length and the temperature-dependent Higgs mass. The Magnetic monopoles are particularly interested but their excessive production poses the monopole problem which is challenge to the standard model. Many solutions including symmetry breaking patterns and thermal pair production have been proposed mitigated to the monopole problem. Detecting monopoles would offer valuable insights into high-energy physics and the early universe. Detection of (even) a single monopole could revolutionize our current knowledge of the universe.

Key words: Monopole, Cosmology, Problems of Hot Big Bang, GUT, Topological Defect