This study conducts a typological characterization and analysis of apple production systems in the semi-arid region of Khenchela, Northeast Algeria, a region contributing 25% (181,546 tonnes) of the national apple production, valued at USD 178,628,080 in 2023. The research identifies the structural, technical, and socio-economic determinants shaping apple farming practices in this agro-climatic context. A comprehensive survey was conducted, integrating field data collection and statistical analysis, with a focus on farm size, management practices, irrigation systems, varietal preferences, and socio-demographic profiles of farmers, including age, education level, and technical expertise.

The analysis revealed four distinct typologies of apple production systems, predominantly characterized by small-scale farms averaging 2 hectares in size. These farms are primarily farmers with an average age of about 48 with intermediate education levels and a proficient understanding of modern agricultural techniques. Intensive input regimes, including chemical fertilizers, growth regulators and, pruning,  are employed to optimize commercial production quality. mechanization is observed, with 20% of farmers owning tractors, either individually or through collective arrangements. Drip irrigation systems are implemented on 95% of the farms, reflecting advanced water-use efficiency. The dominant cultivar is Golden Delicious, complemented by red apple varieties such as Gala Star, Top Red, and Royal Gala.

The findings underscore the adaptability of apple production systems in Khenchela’s semi-arid climate, characterized by cool winters and limited annual precipitation (300–400 mm). However, methodological constraints, such as limited farmer availability and survey non-participation, posed challenges to data collection. This study provides critical insights into the operational dynamics of apple farming in the region, offering a foundation for targeted interventions to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience in the face of climatic and socio-economic challenges.

Keywords: Apple orchard, Intensive growing apple, Production system, Sustainability, Typology