In surveillance systems, disease reporting is crucial, especially for detecting new diseases. Comprehensive and continuous monitoring reduces the time for disease detection and limits its spread. In the Hindu Kush sub-regions of Pakistan—encompassing Bajaur, Mohmand, and Khyber—exotic diseases such as sheep and goat pox, lumpy skin disease, peste des petits ruminants, and foot and mouth disease have historically been introduced. However, several factors can impede disease reporting sensitivity across diverse production systems. Robust and efficient disease reporting systems are crucial for animal health services. In this context, we describe a training exercise aimed at enhancing the knowledge and skills of animal health services in these three districts. Additionally, we evaluate the sensitivity of foot and mouth disease reporting in the Hindu Kush sub-regions, identifying gaps and constraints. Through consultations with official veterinarians and scenario tree modeling, we found variations in reporting sensitivity between central and local veterinary authorities. Factors such as clinical awareness, reporting procedures, and biosecurity measures significantly influence early disease reporting, particularly in sectors with lower reporting sensitivity (e.g., small ruminant herds, mixed bovine herds, and backyard herds). Despite limitations, this training exercise provides an effective framework to strengthen veterinary capacities and offer initial evidence for targeted interventions, ultimately mitigating the risk of disease introduction.

Keywords: disease reporting, FMD, training exercise, veterinary authorities