Zein, a protein fraction derived from corn, has emerged as a promising material for developing biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. This review article explores the advantages of zein nanoparticles, including their biodegradability, biocompatibility, amphiphilic nature, and potential for controlled drug release. We delve into the various characterization methods employed to evaluate zein nanoparticles, focusing on aspects like size, shape, surface charge, and internal structure. Additionally, the review discusses techniques for drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, crucial factors for designing effective nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. The broad applicability of zein nanoparticles in biomedicine is then addressed. We explore their potential for enhancing drug solubility, delivering therapeutics to specific tissues and cells, and protecting drugs from degradation during transport. The review highlights the exciting possibilities of zein nanoparticles in targeted cancer therapy, protein and enzyme delivery, gene therapy, and treatment of infectious diseases. However, challenges remain in achieving consistent high drug loading, efficient targeting, large-scale production, and preventing unintended blood vessel occlusions. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research in these areas, including advanced characterization techniques, exploration of combinations with other biocompatible polymers, and advancements in therapeutic applications like gene therapy and protein delivery. By addressing these challenges, zein nanoparticles hold immense potential to revolutionize drug delivery systems in the future.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, Drug delivery, Biocompatible, Biodegradable, Targeted therapy, Biomedicine, Nanocarriers, Gene therapy