This comprehensive review explores the potential of nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach for treating candidiasis. Candidiasis, caused by various species of the Candida genus, poses significant challenges due to its increasing incidence and resistance to conventional antifungal medications. Nano-biotechnology offers promising solutions by leveraging nanoparticles' unique properties to enhance drug delivery, overcome drug resistance, and improve therapeutic outcomes. The review discusses the mechanisms of candidiasis pathogenesis, including biofilm formation, cell membrane disruption, and immune evasion, highlighting the importance of understanding these processes for developing effective treatments. Nanoparticles, such as silver, zinc oxide, chitosan, and copper nanoparticles, exhibit potent antifungal activity through multiple mechanisms, including disrupting biofilms, enhancing drug delivery, and inducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, the review explores the synergistic effects of combining nanoparticles with traditional antifungal drugs, leading to enhanced efficacy against drug-resistant Candida strains. This synergism is attributed to various factors, including increased cellular uptake, complementary mechanisms of action, and disruption of fungal biofilms. Safety considerations, including biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, long-term effects, and environmental impact, are also addressed. Preclinical studies are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of nanoparticle-based antifungal therapies, paving the way for clinical trials and regulatory approval. In conclusion, while nanoparticle-based antifungal therapies hold great promise for combating candidiasis, further research is needed to optimize their formulation, dosage, and targeting strategies. Regulatory approval and clinical validation are essential steps toward harnessing the full potential of nanoparticles in clinical practice for the treatment of fungal infections.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, Antifungal Agents, Candidiasis, Personalized Medicine, Smart Nanomaterials.