Weeds are the main problems in agriculture production because weeds are silent burglars for nutrients, moisture, space, and sunlight in the major crops. They also produce allelochemicals that restrain the growth of crop plants. Chenopodium album is one of the 12 most booming colonizing weeds. Early emergence, rapid growth, long-term seed viability, and high seed production give a competitive advantage to this weed over crop plants. To control this weed, chemical herbicides are usually applied but this technique faces many challenges such as the development of herbicide resistance in weeds along with damaging influence on the environment and human health. An answer to this crisis could be found in the development of biological weed control methods to combat and minimize the negative effects of synthetic herbicides. In conflict with these challenges, allelopathy is the most effective method to eradicate this weed. To evaluate the efficacy of shoot water extract of Trianthema portulacastrum was used along with the synthetic herbicide. The experiment was conducted by growing the C. album in pots. The shoot extract showed negative effects on morphological and anatomical parameters. The weed plant showed specific modifications in root and stem anatomy (such as a decrease in the cortical thickness, metaxylem cell area, and vascular bundle area), and leaf anatomy (increase in vascular bundle area, metaxylem cell area, and lamina thickness with a decrease in stomatal density) as adaptive characteristics to cope with biotic stress. It was concluded that shoot extract treatment posed a negative effect on weed growth by modifications in anatomical parameters due to malfunctioning in metabolic activities, therefore shoot extract is helpful for crop plants by destroying weeds through an environmentally friendly and cheap weed control technique.

Index-terms: Allelopathic water extract; Anatomy; Chenopodium; Herbicide; Root length; Shoot length; Trianthema