Toxoplasma gondii is a microscopic parasitic protozoan that causes a disease “Toxoplasmosis” which may lead to severe health consequences due to its widespread geographical and host diversity. This study investigated the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and its associated risk factors in general population of Lahore, Pakistan. A sample size of 300 participants, including 200 cases and 100 controls aged 20-60+ representing various socio-economic backgrounds, was selected. The epidemiological survey, facilitated by a structured questionnaire covering demographics, socio-economic status, health, and Toxoplasma-related risk factors, was also administered. Blood sampling procedures involved the collection of approximately 3 ml of whole blood from each participant, following standardized protocols to minimize clotting risk. Serum separation technique were employed to extract serum samples for further analysis. The qualitative determination of Toxoplasma infection was conducted using a Toxo-latex agglutination test kit, enabling the detection of IgG antibodies against T. gondii in the collected serum samples. Statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square tests, and calculation of odds ratios and confidence intervals, was employed to assess seroprevalence and associations between various risk factors and Toxoplasma infection.

The results revealed a statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between case and control groups, emphasizing the higher prevalence rates among the case subjects. While gender did not significantly influence seropositivity, age appeared to correlate positively with higher seroprevalence rates among both cases and controls. Several risk factors associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity emerged from the analysis. Surprisingly, individuals without pets at home exhibited higher odds of infection compared to pet owners. Drinking water sources, such as municipal and government filter supplies, showed a significant association with increased seroprevalence, while motor pump water displayed a non-significant association with decreased risk. Unwashed fruits and vegetables and a history of blood transfusion also emerged as significant risk factors in both groups. Additionally, certain clinical conditions like type-2 diabetes mellitus, thyroid gland problems, and cardiovascular diseases seemed to be associated with higher seroprevalence rates among case patients. This research sheds light on the multifaceted nature of Toxoplasma transmission and infection, highlighting the importance of various factors like environmental exposure, lifestyle habits, and health conditions in understanding its prevalence within a population. Additionally, researchers should consider potential limitations and the need for further research to explore other potential risk factors or to confirm these findings, as non-significance in one study does not rule out the possibility of associations in different contexts or populations. The findings could be pivotal in shaping preventive and control policies for public health management in the region.

Key words- Toxoplasma gondii, Latex Agglutination Test, Lahore, Population Studies