Terrorism, religious extremism & radicalization have posed a serious challenge to global peace and security. The militant groups in modern times are highly equipped & trained, well-versed with modern technology, recruit & manipulate/brainwash young men and women online through social media and their ability to connect militant groups across the world pose a serious challenge for all nations. The US war against terror started after September 11, 2001 but the war against terrorism and extremism in Africa started even before the 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda. Africa holds significance because of its geographical location, proximity with maritime routes & choke points. It is surrounded by Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden which makes it lucrative for transnational terrorist groups for transit, regrouping, reorganizing, planning and recruitment. Socio-economic deprivation, widespread poverty and illiteracy in some African countries makes it a fertile ground for radicalization, terrorism & religious extremism. This is the reason that over the period of time many transnational groups like Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Boko Haram, Al-Shabab and many others flourished and sought refuge in weak states of West Africa, Sahel and sub-Sahara region. The US increased its role in combating violent extremism in African region after 9/11 attacks and established counter terror mechanisms in states like Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Eretria, Nigeria and others. The US counter terror approach is multidimensional which includes enhanced diplomatic ties, economic & military aid & sanctions, joint intelligence sharing, counter terror training, weapon & equipment, surveillance and targeted drone strikes against militants. The US government believe that weak or failed states in Africa are attractive for transnational terror groups for shelter, transit, terror financing and recruitment. The American multifaceted counter terror efforts are meant to support the weak states in Africa and to deny the transnational terror outfits from any space in these states. Furthermore, the US wants to establish regional and global strategic partnerships to combat terrorism and extremism in African countries. This study is divided in three parts. The first part would focus on the threat matrix in Africa. This section of the study would highlight the vulnerable areas in Sahel, West Africa and Sub-Sahara region. Second part of the study would discuss the threats emanating from different terrorist & extremist groups operating in these areas. This part of the study would briefly discuss strengths and capabilities of terrorist outfits operating in West Africa, Sahel and Sub-Sahara region. Last part of the study would emphasize on the US role in combating terrorism in Africa. This section would underscore the US efforts, economic aid, counter terror training, close air support for surveillance and targeting, community building and strengthening the institutions in Africa. The last part of the study would also entail a few recommendations for the US for lasting peace and stability in this region.

Keywords: Terrorism & Extremism, Sub Sahara region, Sahel, West Africa, America, Boko Haram, Al-Shabab, IS, Al-Qaeda.